Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to have flown past Uranus, and its instruments detected a trapped electron population at energy levels that exceeded extrapolations from other planetary magnetospheres. Researchers have long questioned how such a strong radiation belt could persist at a planet with Uranus's unusual tilt and magnetic field configuration. The new work reinterprets those measurements in light of decades of radiation belt and space weather observations at Earth.

Lead author Dr. Robert Allen and colleagues compared Voyager 2 data from Uranus with conditions measured near Earth during intense solar wind events. They focused on fast solar wind streams and associated co-rotating interaction regions, which can compress planetary magnetospheres and generate strong electromagnetic wave activity. The team found that the Uranus flyby signatures resemble Earth events where high-frequency chorus waves rapidly accelerate electrons to high energies instead of scattering them out of the belts.

At the time of the 1986 encounter, many scientists expected such waves to mainly deplete radiation belt electrons by pushing them into Uranus's atmosphere. SwRI scientist Dr. Sarah Vines, a co-author on the study, noted that more recent Earth observations have shown that the same class of waves can under specific conditions inject additional energy into the belts and dramatically intensify radiation levels. Allen's team argues that a similar wave driven acceleration episode at Uranus can reconcile the Voyager 2 data with current models of how magnetospheres respond to solar storms.

The authors conclude that the intense radiation belt measured at Uranus likely reflects a transient, storm-driven state rather than a steady background condition. They suggest that these results have broader implications for understanding outer planet systems such as Neptune, where comparable solar wind interactions may operate but remain poorly sampled. The study strengthens the scientific case for a dedicated Uranus mission to capture how its radiation environment evolves over time and under varying solar wind conditions.